Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia): A Review of Its Health Effects with a Focus on Men’s Health, Prostate Function, and Urinary Benefits

Abstract

Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), a small citrus fruit known for its intense flavor and aromatic compounds, has been utilized for centuries not only in culinary applications but also in traditional medicine. Rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and flavonoids, lime exhibits a variety of bioactive properties that contribute to its potential health benefits. This review synthesizes current scientific literature surrounding lime’s effects on human health, with a particular focus on men’s health, prostate function, urinary health, and its roles in disease prevention. It also explores diverse ingestion methods and therapeutic uses relevant to dietary and clinical settings.

1. Introduction

Lime is a member of the Rutaceae family and is often consumed in the form of juice, zest, or as a fresh fruit. Traditionally used in treating scurvy, indigestion, and urinary disorders, lime is now recognized in biomedical research for its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. With increasing attention on the role of nutrition in preventive medicine, especially in gender-specific conditions such as prostate disorders, lime’s bioactive constituents present promising avenues for therapeutic support.

2. Nutritional and Phytochemical Composition

Lime is densely packed with:

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) – Essential for collagen synthesis, immune support, and antioxidant protection.
Flavonoids – Such as hesperidin, naringin, and eriocitrin, which modulate inflammation and oxidative stress.
Limonoids – Including limonin, a compound studied for anti-cancer effects.
Essential oils – Citral, limonene, and linalool, contributing to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action.

Lime also contains modest amounts of potassium, magnesium, and dietary fiber, all of which play roles in cardiovascular and metabolic health.

3. General Health Benefits

3.1 Antioxidant Effects

Lime juice and peel exhibit potent antioxidant activities by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. This is particularly beneficial in reducing the risk of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and certain cancers.

3.2 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties

Studies have shown lime extract inhibits the growth of common bacterial pathogens like E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and even viruses like HSV-1. These effects are attributed to limonene and citral, found abundantly in lime peel oil.

3.3 Anti-Inflammatory Potential

Flavonoids in lime inhibit key inflammatory pathways (e.g., NF-κB), reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α.

4. Lime and Men’s Health

4.1 Prostate Health

4.1.1 Antioxidant Defense in the Prostate

Oxidative stress is a known contributor to the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. The antioxidants in lime, particularly vitamin C and limonoids, help neutralize oxidative agents, potentially slowing the progression of prostate cell abnormalities.

4.1.2 Anti-Cancer Potential

Limonoids and flavonoids have shown cytotoxic effects on prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. Limonin has been found to induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.

4.2 Testosterone and Hormonal Balance

Though limited, some animal studies suggest that flavonoids found in citrus fruits may influence Leydig cell function and testosterone biosynthesis by reducing oxidative stress and modulating enzymatic activity involved in steroidogenesis.

5. Urinary Health Benefits

5.1 Alkalization of Urine

Lime contributes to the alkalization of urine, which may help in preventing the formation of certain types of kidney stones (especially uric acid stones). Citric acid in lime binds with calcium, reducing the risk of calcium stone formation.

5.2 Antimicrobial Action in the Urinary Tract

Due to its antibacterial properties, lime juice may serve as a supportive agent in managing mild urinary tract infections (UTIs) when consumed regularly, particularly in combination with increased hydration.

6. Clinical and Therapeutic Uses

Detoxification: Lime is a key ingredient in detox beverages aimed at improving liver function and aiding digestive detox.
Weight management: The pectin fiber and citric acid may improve satiety and fat metabolism.
Glycemic Control: Lime’s flavonoids have demonstrated mild hypoglycemic effects by improving insulin sensitivity.

7. Ingestion Methods

7.1 Juice

Fresh lime juice is the most common form of ingestion. Recommended daily intake ranges from 30–60 mL diluted in water.

7.2 Zest and Peel

Lime zest is rich in essential oils and flavonoids. It can be added to foods, smoothies, and even taken as a dried supplement in capsule form.

7.3 Dried or Powdered Lime

Lime powder is used in traditional systems such as Ayurveda and Persian medicine, often incorporated into herbal formulations for digestion and detoxification.

7.4 Supplement Form

Encapsulated lime extract or limonoids are becoming popular in nutraceuticals, especially for antioxidant support and potential cancer prevention.

8. Safety and Precautions

While lime is generally safe for consumption, overuse—especially of concentrated lime juice—may lead to enamel erosion and gastroesophageal reflux in sensitive individuals. Citrus allergies are rare but possible.

9. Conclusion

Lime is more than a flavor-enhancing fruit—it is a nutraceutical powerhouse with scientifically validated benefits across multiple systems. For men, it may offer particular advantages in supporting prostate health, urinary tract function, and hormonal balance. Continued research into its bioactive compounds may reveal more specific mechanisms of action, especially in the prevention and adjunct treatment of prostate cancer and BPH.

Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia): A Review of Its Health Effects with a Focus on Men’s Health, Prostate Function, and Urinary Benefits